id: ja1trhaOKbA4Fl_M5SEKG
date: 2024-12-08T09:10:52.819Z
summary: AST nodes are compiled to native machine code using Cranelift JIT
  compiler, with function generation and caching for efficient calculation
  execution.
messages:
  - id: fI19VGge0ykEQYoF3gX2s
    date: 2024-12-08T09:04:33.933Z
    type: system
    text: >
      I am ChatCraft, a web-based, expert programming AI assistant. I help
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      I follow these rules when responding:


      - Use GitHub flavored Markdown

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  - id: hRcQGei0hjXHZQIhkXDZy
    date: 2024-12-08T09:05:19.838Z
    type: human
    text: >-
      ```rust

      mod error;

      mod input_buffer;


      use crate::language::error::{CalcErrorKind, CalculatorError};

      use crate::language::input_buffer::InputBuffer;

      use ahash::AHasher;

      use cranelift::prelude::*;

      use cranelift_jit::{JITBuilder, JITModule};

      use cranelift_module::{Linkage, Module};

      use dashmap::DashMap;

      use miette::{NamedSource, Result as MietteResult};

      use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};

      use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};

      use std::{
          hash::{Hash, Hasher},
          sync::Arc,
          time::{Duration, Instant},
      };

      use tree_sitter::Node;


      // ===== AST Structures =====


      #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

      pub enum Expr {
          Integer(i64),
          Float(f64),
          BinaryOp {
              left: Box<Expr>,
              op: BinaryOpKind,
              right: Box<Expr>,
          },
          Parenthesized(Box<Expr>),
      }


      impl Hash for Expr {
          fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
              match self {
                  Expr::Integer(i) => {
                      0_u8.hash(state);
                      i.hash(state);
                  }
                  Expr::Float(f) => {
                      1_u8.hash(state);
                      f.to_bits().hash(state);
                  }
                  Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                      2_u8.hash(state);
                      left.hash(state);
                      op.hash(state);
                      right.hash(state);
                  }
                  Expr::Parenthesized(inner) => {
                      3_u8.hash(state);
                      inner.hash(state);
                  }
              }
          }
      }


      #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq)]

      pub enum BinaryOpKind {
          Add,
          Subtract,
          Multiply,
          Divide,
      }


      // ===== Value System =====


      #[derive(Debug)]

      pub enum CalcValue {
          Integer(i64),
          Float(f64),
      }


      impl Default for CalcValue {
          fn default() -> Self {
              CalcValue::Integer(0)
          }
      }


      impl Display for CalcValue {
          fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
              match self {
                  CalcValue::Integer(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
                  CalcValue::Float(x) => write!(f, "{}", x),
              }
          }
      }


      impl PartialEq for CalcValue {
          fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
              match (self, other) {
                  (CalcValue::Integer(a), CalcValue::Integer(b)) => a == b,
                  (CalcValue::Float(a), CalcValue::Float(b)) => (a - b).abs() < f64::EPSILON,
                  _ => false,
              }
          }
      }


      // ===== JIT Compilation =====


      pub struct CompilationCache {
          last_tree: Option<tree_sitter::Tree>,
          function_cache: DashMap<u64, Arc<CompiledFunction>>,
      }


      pub enum CompiledFnPtr {
          Integer(unsafe fn() -> i64),
          Float(unsafe fn() -> f64),
      }


      pub struct CompiledFunction {
          code_ptr: CompiledFnPtr,
          last_used: Arc<Mutex<Instant>>,
      }


      impl CompiledFunction {
          fn new_int(code_ptr: unsafe fn() -> i64) -> Self {
              Self {
                  code_ptr: CompiledFnPtr::Integer(code_ptr),
                  last_used: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Instant::now())),
              }
          }

          fn new_float(code_ptr: unsafe fn() -> f64) -> Self {
              Self {
                  code_ptr: CompiledFnPtr::Float(code_ptr),
                  last_used: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Instant::now())),
              }
          }

          fn update(&self) {
              *self.last_used.lock() = Instant::now();
          }

          unsafe fn call(&self) -> CalcValue {
              match self.code_ptr {
                  CompiledFnPtr::Integer(ptr) => CalcValue::Integer(ptr()),
                  CompiledFnPtr::Float(ptr) => CalcValue::Float(ptr()),
              }
          }
      }


      // ===== Parser Implementation =====


      fn collect_error_nodes<'a>(node: Node<'a>, errors: &mut Vec<Node<'a>>) {
          if node.kind() == "ERROR" || node.is_missing() {
              errors.push(node);
          }

          let mut cursor = node.walk();
          for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
              collect_error_nodes(child, errors);
          }
      }


      // ===== Calculator Implementation =====


      pub struct Calculator {
          pub parser: tree_sitter::Parser,
          source: NamedSource<String>,
          cache: CompilationCache,
          jit_module: Arc<RwLock<JITModule>>,
          builder_context: Arc<Mutex<FunctionBuilderContext>>,
          input_buffer: InputBuffer,
      }


      impl Calculator {
          pub fn new() -> MietteResult<Self> {
              let mut parser = tree_sitter::Parser::new();
              let source = NamedSource::new("calculator", String::new());

              parser
                  .set_language(&tree_sitter_calculator::LANGUAGE.into())
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::CompilationError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              let mut flag_builder = settings::builder();
              flag_builder
                  .set("use_colocated_libcalls", "false")
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              flag_builder
                  .set("is_pic", "false")
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              let isa_builder = cranelift_native::builder().map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                  src: source.clone(),
                  span: (0, 0).into(),
                  kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                  help: None,
              })?;

              let isa = isa_builder
                  .finish(settings::Flags::new(flag_builder))
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              let builder = JITBuilder::with_isa(isa, cranelift_module::default_libcall_names());
              let jit_module = JITModule::new(builder);

              Ok(Self {
                  parser,
                  source,
                  cache: CompilationCache {
                      last_tree: None,
                      function_cache: DashMap::new(),
                  },
                  jit_module: Arc::new(RwLock::new(jit_module)),
                  builder_context: Arc::new(Mutex::new(FunctionBuilderContext::new())),
                  input_buffer: InputBuffer::new(),
              })
          }

          pub fn update_input(
              &mut self,
              new_input: &str,
              edit_pos: usize,
              old_end: usize,
              new_end: usize,
          ) -> MietteResult<CalcValue> {
              self.input_buffer
                  .update(new_input, edit_pos, old_end, new_end);
              self.source = NamedSource::new("calculator", new_input.to_string());

              let edit = tree_sitter::InputEdit {
                  start_byte: edit_pos,
                  old_end_byte: old_end,
                  new_end_byte: new_end,
                  start_position: tree_sitter::Point::new(0, edit_pos),
                  old_end_position: tree_sitter::Point::new(0, old_end),
                  new_end_position: tree_sitter::Point::new(0, new_end),
              };

              let tree = if let Some(old_tree) = &mut self.cache.last_tree {
                  old_tree.edit(&edit);
                  self.parser
                      .parse(self.input_buffer.as_str(), Some(old_tree))
              } else {
                  self.parser.parse(self.input_buffer.as_str(), None)
              }
              .ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                  src: self.source.clone(),
                  span: (0, new_input.len()).into(),
                  kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Failed to parse input".to_string()),
                  help: Some("Make sure your expression is syntactically valid".to_string()),
              })?;

              self.cache.last_tree = Some(tree.clone());

              let mut errors = Vec::new();
              collect_error_nodes(tree.root_node(), &mut errors);

              if !errors.is_empty() {
                  let error_node = &errors[0];
                  let span = (
                      error_node.start_byte(),
                      error_node.end_byte() - error_node.start_byte(),
                  );
                  let error_message = error_node
                      .utf8_text(self.input_buffer.as_str().as_bytes())
                      .unwrap_or("Syntax error")
                      .to_string();

                  return Err(CalculatorError {
                      src: self.source.clone(),
                      span: span.into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError(format!("Syntax error near '{}'", error_message)),
                      help: Some("Ensure that your expression follows the correct syntax.".into()),
                  }
                  .into());
              }

              let ast = self.node_to_expr(new_input, tree.root_node())?;
              let ast_hash = self.hash_ast(&ast);

              if let Some(cached_fn) = self.cache.function_cache.get(&ast_hash) {
                  let entry = cached_fn.value().clone();
                  entry.update();
                  return Ok(unsafe { entry.call() });
              }

              let compiled_fn = self.compile_expr(new_input, ast)?;
              let result = unsafe { compiled_fn.call() };
              self.cache
                  .function_cache
                  .insert(ast_hash, Arc::new(compiled_fn));
              self.cleanup_cache();

              Ok(result)
          }

          pub fn node_to_expr(&self, input: &str, node: Node) -> MietteResult<Expr> {
              let span = node.start_byte()..node.end_byte();
              let node_text = node.utf8_text(input.as_bytes()).unwrap_or("invalid utf8");

              match node.kind() {
                  "ERROR" => {
                      let error_text = node
                          .utf8_text(input.as_bytes())
                          .unwrap_or("Syntax error")
                          .to_string();
                      Err(CalculatorError {
                          src: self.source.clone(),
                          span: span.into(),
                          kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError(format!("Syntax error near '{}'", error_text)),
                          help: Some("Check the expression syntax.".into()),
                      })?
                  }
                  "source" => {
                      let child = node.child(0).ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                          src: self.source.clone(),
                          span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                          kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Empty expression".into()),
                          help: Some("Expression cannot be empty".into()),
                      })?;
                      self.node_to_expr(input, child)
                  }
                  "expression" => {
                      let child = node.child(0).ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                          src: self.source.clone(),
                          span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                          kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Empty expression node".into()),
                          help: Some("Expression node must contain a value".into()),
                      })?;
                      self.node_to_expr(input, child)
                  }
                  "parenthesized_expression" => {
                      // Find the inner expression (skip the parentheses)
                      let inner = node
                          .child_by_field_name("inner")
                          .ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                              src: NamedSource::new("calculator", input.to_string()),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Empty parentheses".into()),
                              help: Some("Parentheses cannot be empty".into()),
                          })?;
                      let inner_expr = self.node_to_expr(input, inner)?;
                      Ok(Expr::Parenthesized(Box::new(inner_expr)))
                  }
                  "number" => {
                      if let Ok(expr) = node_text.parse().map(Expr::Integer) {
                          Ok(expr)
                      } else {
                          Err(CalculatorError {
                              src: self.source.clone(),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::NumberError("Failed to parse integer".into()),
                              help: Some("Make sure the number is a valid integer".into()),
                          })?
                      }
                  }
                  "float" => {
                      if let Ok(expr) = node_text.parse().map(Expr::Float) {
                          Ok(expr)
                      } else {
                          Err(CalculatorError {
                              src: self.source.clone(),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::NumberError("Failed to parse float".into()),
                              help: Some("Make sure the number is a valid floating point number".into()),
                          })?
                      }
                  }
                  "binary_expression" => {
                      let left = node
                          .child_by_field_name("left")
                          .ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                              src: self.source.clone(),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Missing left operand".into()),
                              help: Some("Binary expression must have a left operand".into()),
                          })?;
                      let left_expr = self.node_to_expr(input, left)?;

                      let op = if let Some(op_text) = node
                          .child_by_field_name("operator")
                          .and_then(|n| n.utf8_text(input.as_bytes()).ok())
                      {
                          match op_text {
                              "+" => Ok(BinaryOpKind::Add),
                              "-" => Ok(BinaryOpKind::Subtract),
                              "*" => Ok(BinaryOpKind::Multiply),
                              "/" => Ok(BinaryOpKind::Divide),
                              _ => {
                                  let op_node = node.child_by_field_name("operator")
                                      .expect("Operator could not be found.");
                                  let op_span = op_node.start_byte()..op_node.end_byte();
                                  Err(CalculatorError {
                                      src: self.source.clone(),
                                      span: (op_span.start, op_span.end - op_span.start).into(),
                                      kind: CalcErrorKind::InvalidOperator(op_text.to_string()),
                                      help: Some("Only +, -, *, and / operators are supported".into()),
                                  })
                              },
                          }
                      } else {
                          Err(CalculatorError {
                              src: self.source.clone(),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Missing operator".into()),
                              help: Some("Binary expression must have an operator".into()),
                          })
                      }?;

                      let right = node
                          .child_by_field_name("right")
                          .ok_or_else(|| CalculatorError {
                              src: self.source.clone(),
                              span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                              kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Missing right operand".into()),
                              help: Some("Binary expression must have a right operand".into()),
                          })?;
                      let right_expr = self.node_to_expr(input, right)?;

                      Ok(Expr::BinaryOp {
                          left: Box::new(left_expr),
                          op,
                          right: Box::new(right_expr),
                      })
                  }
                  _ => Err(CalculatorError {
                      src: self.source.clone(),
                      span: (span.start, span.end - span.start).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError(format!("Unexpected node type '{}'", node.kind())),
                      help: Some("Expression must be a number, float, or binary operation".into()),
                  })?,
              }
          }

          pub fn compile_expr(&self, input: &str, expr: Expr) -> MietteResult<CompiledFunction> {
              let mut jit_module = self.jit_module.write();
              let mut ctx = jit_module.make_context();

              let (return_type, is_float) = self.determine_type(&expr)?;
              let signature_type = if is_float { types::F64 } else { types::I64 };

              ctx.func
                  .signature
                  .returns
                  .push(AbiParam::new(signature_type));

              let mut builder_context = self.builder_context.lock();
              let mut func_builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut ctx.func, &mut *builder_context);

              let entry_block = func_builder.create_block();
              func_builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(entry_block);
              func_builder.switch_to_block(entry_block);
              func_builder.seal_block(entry_block);

              let (_, result) = self.compile_node(input, &mut func_builder, &expr)?;
              func_builder.ins().return_(&[result]);
              func_builder.finalize();

              let id = jit_module
                  .declare_function(
                      &format!("calc_{}", fastrand::u64(..)),
                      Linkage::Export,
                      &ctx.func.signature,
                  )
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: self.source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              jit_module
                  .define_function(id, &mut ctx)
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: self.source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              jit_module
                  .finalize_definitions()
                  .map_err(|e| CalculatorError {
                      src: self.source.clone(),
                      span: (0, 0).into(),
                      kind: CalcErrorKind::JitError(e.to_string()),
                      help: None,
                  })?;

              let fn_ptr = jit_module.get_finalized_function(id);

              Ok(match return_type {
                  CalcValue::Integer(_) => {
                      CompiledFunction::new_int(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
                  }
                  CalcValue::Float(_) => {
                      CompiledFunction::new_float(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
                  }
              })
          }

          fn determine_type(&self, expr: &Expr) -> MietteResult<(CalcValue, bool)> {
              Ok(match expr {
                  Expr::Integer(n) => (CalcValue::Integer(*n), false),
                  Expr::Float(x) => (CalcValue::Float(*x), true),
                  Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                      let (_left_type, left_float) = self.determine_type(left)?;
                      let (_right_type, right_float) = self.determine_type(right)?;
                      if left_float || right_float || *op == BinaryOpKind::Divide {
                          (CalcValue::Float(0.0), true)
                      } else {
                          (CalcValue::Integer(0), false)
                      }
                  }
                  Expr::Parenthesized(inner) => self.determine_type(inner)?,
              })
          }

          fn compile_node(
              &self,
              input: &str,
              builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
              expr: &Expr,
          ) -> MietteResult<(CalcValue, cranelift::prelude::Value)> {
              match expr {
                  Expr::Integer(n) => {
                      let v = builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, *n);
                      Ok((CalcValue::Integer(*n), v))
                  }
                  Expr::Float(x) => {
                      let v = builder.ins().f64const(*x);
                      Ok((CalcValue::Float(*x), v))
                  }
                  Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                      let (left_val, left_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, left)?;
                      let (right_val, right_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, right)?;

                      let needs_float = matches!(op, BinaryOpKind::Divide)
                          || matches!(&left_val, CalcValue::Float(_))
                          || matches!(&right_val, CalcValue::Float(_));

                      let (final_left, final_right) = if needs_float {
                          let float_left = match &left_val {
                              CalcValue::Integer(_) => builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, left_ir),
                              CalcValue::Float(_) => left_ir,
                          };
                          let float_right = match &right_val {
                              CalcValue::Integer(_) => builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, right_ir),
                              CalcValue::Float(_) => right_ir,
                          };
                          (float_left, float_right)
                      } else {
                          (left_ir, right_ir)
                      };

                      let result = match (op, needs_float) {
                          (BinaryOpKind::Add, false) => builder.ins().iadd(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Subtract, false) => builder.ins().isub(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Multiply, false) => builder.ins().imul(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Add, true) => builder.ins().fadd(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Subtract, true) => builder.ins().fsub(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Multiply, true) => builder.ins().fmul(final_left, final_right),
                          (BinaryOpKind::Divide, _) => builder.ins().fdiv(final_left, final_right),
                      };

                      Ok((
                          if needs_float {
                              CalcValue::Float(0.0)
                          } else {
                              CalcValue::Integer(0)
                          },
                          result,
                      ))
                  }
                  Expr::Parenthesized(inner) => self.compile_node(input, builder, inner),
              }
          }

          fn cleanup_cache(&self) {
              let cache = Arc::new(self.cache.function_cache.clone());
              std::thread::spawn(move || {
                  let now = Instant::now();
                  cache.retain(|_, v| now.duration_since(*v.last_used.lock()) < Duration::from_secs(300));
              });
          }

          fn hash_ast(&self, expr: &Expr) -> u64 {
              let mut hasher = AHasher::default();
              expr.hash(&mut hasher);
              hasher.finish()
          }
      }


      #[cfg(test)]

      mod tests {
          use super::*;
          use crate::language::error::{CalcErrorKind, CalculatorError};
          use crossterm::terminal;
          use miette::GraphicalReportHandler;

          // Helper function to create a controlled test environment
          fn setup_test_calculator() -> Calculator {
              Calculator::new().expect("Failed to create calculator")
          }

          mod parser_tests {
              use super::*;

              #[test]
              fn test_parse_single_number() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("42", 0, 0, 2);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(42))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_parse_single_float() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("42.5", 0, 0, 4);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Float(42.5))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_parse_negative_number() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("-42", 0, 0, 3);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(-42))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_parse_invalid_input() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("abc", 0, 0, 3);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Err(_)));
              }
          }

          mod expression_tests {
              use super::*;

              #[test]
              fn test_simple_addition() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("5 + 3", 0, 0, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(8))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_simple_multiplication() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("5 * 3", 0, 0, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(15))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_mixed_operations() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2 + 3 * 4", 0, 0, 9);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(14))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_float_operations() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2.5 + 3.5", 0, 0, 9);
                  if let Ok(CalcValue::Float(val)) = result {
                      assert!((val - 6.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
                  } else {
                      panic!("Expected float result");
                  }
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_mixed_types() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2 + 3.5", 0, 0, 7);
                  if let Ok(CalcValue::Float(val)) = result {
                      assert!((val - 5.5).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
                  } else {
                      panic!("Expected float result");
                  }
              }
          }

          mod type_determination_tests {
              use super::*;

              #[test]
              fn test_determine_type_integer() {
                  let calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let expr = Expr::Integer(42);
                  let result = calc.determine_type(&expr);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok((CalcValue::Integer(42), false))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_determine_type_float() {
                  let calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let expr = Expr::Float(42.5);
                  let result = calc.determine_type(&expr);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok((CalcValue::Float(42.5), true))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_determine_type_mixed_operation() {
                  let calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let expr = Expr::BinaryOp {
                      left: Box::new(Expr::Integer(2)),
                      op: BinaryOpKind::Add,
                      right: Box::new(Expr::Float(3.5)),
                  };
                  let result = calc.determine_type(&expr);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Ok((CalcValue::Float(_), true))));
              }
          }

          mod cache_tests {
              use super::*;
              use std::thread;
              use std::time::Duration;

              #[test]
              fn test_cache_hit() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  // First evaluation should compile
                  let result1 = calc.update_input("2 + 3", 0, 0, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result1, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(5))));

                  // Second evaluation should use cache
                  let result2 = calc.update_input("2 + 3", 0, 0, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result2, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(5))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_cache_cleanup() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  calc.update_input("2 + 3", 0, 0, 5).unwrap();

                  // Wait for cleanup thread to run
                  thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));

                  // Check if cache was cleaned
                  assert!(calc.cache.function_cache.len() <= 1);
              }
          }

          mod error_handling_tests {
              use super::*;

              #[test]
              fn test_syntax_error() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2 +", 0, 0, 3);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Err(_)));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_invalid_operator() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2 _ 3", 0, 0, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Err(_))); // First check if it's an error

                  if let Err(e) = result {
                      let diagnostic_msg = format!("{:?}", e);
                      assert!(diagnostic_msg.contains("Invalid operator")); // Then check the error message
                  } else {
                      panic!("Expected error for invalid operator");
                  }
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_invalid_number() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();
                  let result = calc.update_input("2.a", 0, 0, 3);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Err(_)));
              }
          }

          mod incremental_update_tests {
              use super::*;

              #[test]
              fn test_incremental_input() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();

                  // Type "2"
                  let result1 = calc.update_input("2", 0, 0, 1);
                  assert!(matches!(result1, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(2))));

                  // Type "2 + "
                  let result2 = calc.update_input("2 + ", 1, 1, 4);
                  assert!(matches!(result2, Err(_))); // Incomplete expression

                  // Type "2 + 3"
                  let result3 = calc.update_input("2 + 3", 4, 4, 5);
                  assert!(matches!(result3, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(5))));
              }

              #[test]
              fn test_backspace() {
                  let mut calc = setup_test_calculator();

                  // Type "2 + 3"
                  calc.update_input("2 + 3", 0, 0, 5).unwrap();

                  // Backspace to "2 + "
                  let result = calc.update_input("2 + ", 0, 5, 4);
                  assert!(matches!(result, Err(_))); // Incomplete expression
              }
          }

          // Helper function to simulate calculator input and get formatted output
          fn simulate_calc_input(input: &str) -> String {
              let mut calculator = Calculator::new().unwrap();
              let result = calculator.update_input(input, 0, 0, input.len());

              match result {
                  Ok(value) => format!("= {:?}", value),
                  Err(error) => {
                      let mut output = String::new();
                      GraphicalReportHandler::new()
                          .with_context_lines(2)
                          .with_links(false)
                          .render_report(&mut output, &*error)
                          .unwrap();
                      output
                  }
              }
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_valid_integer_calculation() {
              let output = simulate_calc_input("1 + 2");
              assert!(output.contains("= Integer(3)"));
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_valid_float_calculation() {
              let output = simulate_calc_input("1.5 + 2.5");
              assert!(output.contains("= Float(4.0)"));
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_syntax_error() {
              let output = simulate_calc_input("1 +");
              assert!(output.contains("Invalid number"));
              assert!(output.contains("Calculator error"));
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_mixed_type_calculation() {
              let output = simulate_calc_input("1 + 2.5");
              assert!(output.contains("= Float(3.5)"));
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_slightly_complex_expression() {
              let output = simulate_calc_input("1 + 2 * 3");
              assert!(output.contains("= Integer(7)"));
          }

          // Test error formatting specifically
          #[test]
          fn test_error_formatting() {
              let handler = GraphicalReportHandler::new()
                  .with_context_lines(2)
                  .with_links(false);

              let error = CalculatorError {
                  src: NamedSource::new("test", "1 +".to_string()),
                  span: (0, 2).into(),
                  kind: CalcErrorKind::ParseError("Failed to parse input".to_string()),
                  help: Some("Complete the expression".to_string()),
              };

              let mut output = String::new();
              handler.render_report(&mut output, &error).unwrap();

              // Verify error components are present
              assert!(output.contains("calculator::error"));
              assert!(output.contains("Invalid syntax"));
              assert!(output.contains("Complete the expression"));
          }

          // Test terminal setup
          #[test]
          fn test_terminal_configuration() {
              // Save current terminal state
              let raw_mode = terminal::is_raw_mode_enabled().unwrap_or(false);

              // Test terminal setup
              assert!(Calculator::new().is_ok());

              // Verify terminal state was preserved
              assert_eq!(terminal::is_raw_mode_enabled().unwrap_or(false), raw_mode);
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_parentheses() {
              let mut calc = Calculator::new().unwrap();

              // Basic parentheses
              let result = calc.update_input("(2 + 3)", 0, 0, 7);
              assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(5))));

              // Nested parentheses
              let result = calc.update_input("(2 + (3 * 4))", 0, 0, 13);
              assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(14))));

              // Multiple parentheses
              let result = calc.update_input("(2 + 3) * (4 + 5)", 0, 0, 17);
              assert!(matches!(result, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(45))));

              // Mixed types in parentheses
              let result = calc.update_input("(2.5 + 1.5) * 3", 0, 0, 15);
              if let Ok(CalcValue::Float(val)) = result {
                  assert!((val - 12.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
              } else {
                  panic!("Expected float result");
              }
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_parentheses_errors() {
              let mut calc = Calculator::new().unwrap();

              // Empty parentheses
              assert!(matches!(calc.update_input("()", 0, 0, 2), Err(_)));

              // Unclosed parentheses
              assert!(matches!(calc.update_input("(2 + 3", 0, 0, 6), Err(_)));

              // Unopened parentheses
              assert!(matches!(calc.update_input("2 + 3)", 0, 0, 6), Err(_)));
          }

          #[test]
          fn test_precedence_with_parentheses() {
              let mut calc = Calculator::new().unwrap();

              // Without parentheses: 2 + 3 * 4 = 14
              let result1 = calc.update_input("2 + 3 * 4", 0, 0, 9);
              assert!(matches!(result1, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(14))));

              // With parentheses: (2 + 3) * 4 = 20
              let result2 = calc.update_input("(2 + 3) * 4", 0, 0, 11);
              assert!(matches!(result2, Ok(CalcValue::Integer(20))));
          }
      }

      ```

      explain where the logic for AST-> machine code is and how it gets run
    imageUrls: []
    user:
      username: tarasglek
      name: Taras Glek
      avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/857083?v=4
  - id: QfvnF4hIJKG-2GTyzOWkH
    date: 2024-12-08T09:05:20.694Z
    type: ai
    text: >-
      Let me break down the AST to machine code compilation process in this
      calculator:


      The key compilation logic happens in these main methods:


      1. `compile_expr` - Entry point for compilation:

      ```rust

      pub fn compile_expr(&self, input: &str, expr: Expr) ->
      MietteResult<CompiledFunction> {
          // Creates JIT module and context
          let mut jit_module = self.jit_module.write();
          let mut ctx = jit_module.make_context();

          // Determines return type (float vs int)
          let (return_type, is_float) = self.determine_type(&expr)?;
          
          // Sets up function signature and builder
          let signature_type = if is_float { types::F64 } else { types::I64 };
          ctx.func.signature.returns.push(AbiParam::new(signature_type));
          
          // Creates function builder and entry block
          let mut builder_context = self.builder_context.lock();
          let mut func_builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut ctx.func, &mut *builder_context);
          
          // Compiles the AST nodes to machine code
          let (_, result) = self.compile_node(input, &mut func_builder, &expr)?;
          
          // Finalizes and returns compiled function
          // ...
      }

      ```


      2. `compile_node` - Recursively compiles AST nodes to machine code:

      ```rust

      fn compile_node(
          &self,
          input: &str, 
          builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
          expr: &Expr
      ) -> MietteResult<(CalcValue, Value)> {
          match expr {
              // Compiles integer literals
              Expr::Integer(n) => {
                  let v = builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, *n);
                  Ok((CalcValue::Integer(*n), v))
              },
              
              // Compiles float literals
              Expr::Float(x) => {
                  let v = builder.ins().f64const(*x);
                  Ok((CalcValue::Float(*x), v))
              },
              
              // Compiles binary operations
              Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                  // Recursively compile operands
                  let (left_val, left_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, left)?;
                  let (right_val, right_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, right)?;
                  
                  // Generate operation instruction
                  let result = match (op, needs_float) {
                      (BinaryOpKind::Add, false) => builder.ins().iadd(left_ir, right_ir),
                      // ... other operations
                  };
                  
                  Ok((return_type, result))
              },
              // ...
          }
      }

      ```


      The execution flow is:


      1. User input is parsed into an AST using tree-sitter parser


      2. The AST is hashed to check compilation cache:

      ```rust

      let ast_hash = self.hash_ast(&ast);

      if let Some(cached_fn) = self.cache.function_cache.get(&ast_hash) {
          // Return cached compiled function
      }

      ```


      3. If not cached, `compile_expr` is called to generate machine code:

      - Creates JIT context and function builder

      - Walks AST using `compile_node` 

      - Generates machine code instructions

      - Returns compiled function pointer


      4. The compiled function is cached and executed:

      ```rust

      let compiled_fn = self.compile_expr(new_input, ast)?;

      let result = unsafe { compiled_fn.call() };

      self.cache.function_cache.insert(ast_hash, Arc::new(compiled_fn));

      ```


      The code uses Cranelift as the JIT compiler backend. Cranelift handles:

      - Machine code generation

      - Register allocation

      - Code optimization

      - Platform-specific code emission


      The key components are:


      - `JITModule` - Manages JIT-compiled code

      - `FunctionBuilder` - Builds IR for functions

      - `Value` - Represents SSA values in IR

      - `CompiledFunction` - Wraps compiled function pointers


      This provides fast execution by:

      1. Compiling expressions to native code

      2. Caching compiled functions

      3. Direct execution of machine code

      4. Avoiding interpreter overhead
    imageUrls: []
    model: anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet
    versions:
      - id: elk1kebG8dQpuD5PgtTnS
        date: 2024-12-08T09:05:40.661Z
        model: anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet
        text: >-
          Let me break down the AST to machine code compilation process in this
          calculator:


          The key compilation logic happens in these main methods:


          1. `compile_expr` - Entry point for compilation:

          ```rust

          pub fn compile_expr(&self, input: &str, expr: Expr) ->
          MietteResult<CompiledFunction> {
              // Creates JIT module and context
              let mut jit_module = self.jit_module.write();
              let mut ctx = jit_module.make_context();

              // Determines return type (float vs int)
              let (return_type, is_float) = self.determine_type(&expr)?;
              
              // Sets up function signature and builder
              let signature_type = if is_float { types::F64 } else { types::I64 };
              ctx.func.signature.returns.push(AbiParam::new(signature_type));
              
              // Creates function builder and entry block
              let mut builder_context = self.builder_context.lock();
              let mut func_builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut ctx.func, &mut *builder_context);
              
              // Compiles the AST nodes to machine code
              let (_, result) = self.compile_node(input, &mut func_builder, &expr)?;
              
              // Finalizes and returns compiled function
              // ...
          }

          ```


          2. `compile_node` - Recursively compiles AST nodes to machine code:

          ```rust

          fn compile_node(
              &self,
              input: &str, 
              builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
              expr: &Expr
          ) -> MietteResult<(CalcValue, Value)> {
              match expr {
                  // Compiles integer literals
                  Expr::Integer(n) => {
                      let v = builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, *n);
                      Ok((CalcValue::Integer(*n), v))
                  },
                  
                  // Compiles float literals
                  Expr::Float(x) => {
                      let v = builder.ins().f64const(*x);
                      Ok((CalcValue::Float(*x), v))
                  },
                  
                  // Compiles binary operations
                  Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                      // Recursively compile operands
                      let (left_val, left_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, left)?;
                      let (right_val, right_ir) = self.compile_node(input, builder, right)?;
                      
                      // Generate operation instruction
                      let result = match (op, needs_float) {
                          (BinaryOpKind::Add, false) => builder.ins().iadd(left_ir, right_ir),
                          // ... other operations
                      };
                      
                      Ok((return_type, result))
                  },
                  // ...
              }
          }

          ```


          The execution flow is:


          1. User input is parsed into an AST using tree-sitter parser


          2. The AST is hashed to check compilation cache:

          ```rust

          let ast_hash = self.hash_ast(&ast);

          if let Some(cached_fn) = self.cache.function_cache.get(&ast_hash) {
              // Return cached compiled function
          }

          ```


          3. If not cached, `compile_expr` is called to generate machine code:

          - Creates JIT context and function builder

          - Walks AST using `compile_node` 

          - Generates machine code instructions

          - Returns compiled function pointer


          4. The compiled function is cached and executed:

          ```rust

          let compiled_fn = self.compile_expr(new_input, ast)?;

          let result = unsafe { compiled_fn.call() };

          self.cache.function_cache.insert(ast_hash, Arc::new(compiled_fn));

          ```


          The code uses Cranelift as the JIT compiler backend. Cranelift
          handles:

          - Machine code generation

          - Register allocation

          - Code optimization

          - Platform-specific code emission


          The key components are:


          - `JITModule` - Manages JIT-compiled code

          - `FunctionBuilder` - Builds IR for functions

          - `Value` - Represents SSA values in IR

          - `CompiledFunction` - Wraps compiled function pointers


          This provides fast execution by:

          1. Compiling expressions to native code

          2. Caching compiled functions

          3. Direct execution of machine code

          4. Avoiding interpreter overhead
  - id: fYIHj6OtfDHNWu67Z2Jvz
    date: 2024-12-08T09:08:25.862Z
    type: human
    text: explain how compile_expr works to build an executable func
    imageUrls: []
    user:
      username: tarasglek
      name: Taras Glek
      avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/857083?v=4
  - id: wE87NeXHnuf-LRP61XYiX
    date: 2024-12-08T09:08:26.038Z
    type: ai
    text: >-
      Let's break down `compile_expr` step by step to understand how it builds
      an executable function:


      ```rust

      pub fn compile_expr(&self, input: &str, expr: Expr) ->
      MietteResult<CompiledFunction> {
          // 1. Set up JIT compilation context
          let mut jit_module = self.jit_module.write();
          let mut ctx = jit_module.make_context();

          // 2. Determine return type for the function
          let (return_type, is_float) = self.determine_type(&expr)?;
          let signature_type = if is_float { types::F64 } else { types::I64 };

          // 3. Define function signature
          ctx.func.signature.returns.push(AbiParam::new(signature_type));
      ```


      First, it sets up the compilation infrastructure:

      - Gets a writable JIT module handle

      - Creates a function context

      - Determines if result will be float or integer

      - Defines function signature with return type


      ```rust
          // 4. Set up function builder
          let mut builder_context = self.builder_context.lock();
          let mut func_builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut ctx.func, &mut *builder_context);

          // 5. Create and configure entry block
          let entry_block = func_builder.create_block();
          func_builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(entry_block);
          func_builder.switch_to_block(entry_block);
          func_builder.seal_block(entry_block);
      ```


      Then it sets up the function structure:

      - Creates function builder for generating code

      - Creates entry block (starting point of function)

      - Configures block parameters

      - Makes entry block current and seals it


      ```rust
          // 6. Generate code by walking AST
          let (_, result) = self.compile_node(input, &mut func_builder, &expr)?;
          
          // 7. Add return instruction
          func_builder.ins().return_(&[result]);
          func_builder.finalize();

          // 8. Declare function in module
          let id = jit_module.declare_function(
              &format!("calc_{}", fastrand::u64(..)),  // Random unique name
              Linkage::Export,
              &ctx.func.signature,
          )?;
      ```


      Next it generates the actual function code:

      - Recursively compiles AST nodes to instructions

      - Adds return instruction with computed result

      - Finalizes function builder

      - Declares function in module with unique name


      ```rust
          // 9. Define and finalize function
          jit_module.define_function(id, &mut ctx)?;
          jit_module.finalize_definitions()?;

          // 10. Get function pointer
          let fn_ptr = jit_module.get_finalized_function(id);

          // 11. Wrap in appropriate CompiledFunction type
          Ok(match return_type {
              CalcValue::Integer(_) => {
                  CompiledFunction::new_int(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
              }
              CalcValue::Float(_) => {
                  CompiledFunction::new_float(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
              }
          })
      ```


      Finally, it makes the function executable:

      - Defines function body in module

      - Finalizes all pending definitions

      - Gets raw function pointer

      - Wraps pointer in type-safe wrapper


      Here's a diagram showing the compilation flow:


      ```mermaid

      graph TD
          A[AST] --> B[Determine Return Type]
          B --> C[Create Function Context]
          C --> D[Setup Function Builder]
          D --> E[Create Entry Block]
          E --> F[Generate Instructions]
          F --> G[Add Return]
          G --> H[Declare in Module]
          H --> I[Define Function]
          I --> J[Get Function Pointer]
          J --> K[Create Wrapper]
      ```


      The resulting `CompiledFunction` contains:

      1. A function pointer to native machine code

      2. Type information (float vs int)

      3. Usage tracking for cache management


      When called, it executes the native code directly:


      ```rust

      unsafe fn call(&self) -> CalcValue {
          match self.code_ptr {
              CompiledFnPtr::Integer(ptr) => CalcValue::Integer(ptr()),
              CompiledFnPtr::Float(ptr) => CalcValue::Float(ptr()),
          }
      }

      ```


      This compilation process transforms high-level AST operations into
      optimized machine code that can be executed directly by the CPU, providing
      much better performance than interpreting the AST each time.
    imageUrls: []
    model: anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet
    versions:
      - id: yaZ0aB20_pPXgzN2fKhp_
        date: 2024-12-08T09:08:47.373Z
        model: anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet
        text: >-
          Let's break down `compile_expr` step by step to understand how it
          builds an executable function:


          ```rust

          pub fn compile_expr(&self, input: &str, expr: Expr) ->
          MietteResult<CompiledFunction> {
              // 1. Set up JIT compilation context
              let mut jit_module = self.jit_module.write();
              let mut ctx = jit_module.make_context();

              // 2. Determine return type for the function
              let (return_type, is_float) = self.determine_type(&expr)?;
              let signature_type = if is_float { types::F64 } else { types::I64 };

              // 3. Define function signature
              ctx.func.signature.returns.push(AbiParam::new(signature_type));
          ```


          First, it sets up the compilation infrastructure:

          - Gets a writable JIT module handle

          - Creates a function context

          - Determines if result will be float or integer

          - Defines function signature with return type


          ```rust
              // 4. Set up function builder
              let mut builder_context = self.builder_context.lock();
              let mut func_builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut ctx.func, &mut *builder_context);

              // 5. Create and configure entry block
              let entry_block = func_builder.create_block();
              func_builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(entry_block);
              func_builder.switch_to_block(entry_block);
              func_builder.seal_block(entry_block);
          ```


          Then it sets up the function structure:

          - Creates function builder for generating code

          - Creates entry block (starting point of function)

          - Configures block parameters

          - Makes entry block current and seals it


          ```rust
              // 6. Generate code by walking AST
              let (_, result) = self.compile_node(input, &mut func_builder, &expr)?;
              
              // 7. Add return instruction
              func_builder.ins().return_(&[result]);
              func_builder.finalize();

              // 8. Declare function in module
              let id = jit_module.declare_function(
                  &format!("calc_{}", fastrand::u64(..)),  // Random unique name
                  Linkage::Export,
                  &ctx.func.signature,
              )?;
          ```


          Next it generates the actual function code:

          - Recursively compiles AST nodes to instructions

          - Adds return instruction with computed result

          - Finalizes function builder

          - Declares function in module with unique name


          ```rust
              // 9. Define and finalize function
              jit_module.define_function(id, &mut ctx)?;
              jit_module.finalize_definitions()?;

              // 10. Get function pointer
              let fn_ptr = jit_module.get_finalized_function(id);

              // 11. Wrap in appropriate CompiledFunction type
              Ok(match return_type {
                  CalcValue::Integer(_) => {
                      CompiledFunction::new_int(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
                  }
                  CalcValue::Float(_) => {
                      CompiledFunction::new_float(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(fn_ptr) })
                  }
              })
          ```


          Finally, it makes the function executable:

          - Defines function body in module

          - Finalizes all pending definitions

          - Gets raw function pointer

          - Wraps pointer in type-safe wrapper


          Here's a diagram showing the compilation flow:


          ```mermaid

          graph TD
              A[AST] --> B[Determine Return Type]
              B --> C[Create Function Context]
              C --> D[Setup Function Builder]
              D --> E[Create Entry Block]
              E --> F[Generate Instructions]
              F --> G[Add Return]
              G --> H[Declare in Module]
              H --> I[Define Function]
              I --> J[Get Function Pointer]
              J --> K[Create Wrapper]
          ```


          The resulting `CompiledFunction` contains:

          1. A function pointer to native machine code

          2. Type information (float vs int)

          3. Usage tracking for cache management


          When called, it executes the native code directly:


          ```rust

          unsafe fn call(&self) -> CalcValue {
              match self.code_ptr {
                  CompiledFnPtr::Integer(ptr) => CalcValue::Integer(ptr()),
                  CompiledFnPtr::Float(ptr) => CalcValue::Float(ptr()),
              }
          }

          ```


          This compilation process transforms high-level AST operations into
          optimized machine code that can be executed directly by the CPU,
          providing much better performance than interpreting the AST each time.